Bibliography Tag: full text available

Bibliography Index

EPA, 2015

Environmental Protection Agency, “Updated Screening Level Usage Analysis (SLUA) Report for Glyphosate Case PC #s(103601, 103604, 103607, 103608, 103613,and417300),” Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, October 22, 2015.

ABSTRACT:

This memorandum transmits an updated Screening Level Usage Analysis (SLUA) report for the glyphosate case (previously completed in 2007). The usage data in the updated SLUA (2015) are an amalgamation of USDA/NASS and Private Pesticide Market Research data from 2005 to 2014. The new SLUA (2015) shows a decrease in usage, in terms of pounds a.i. and/or percent crop treated on apples, apricots, artichokes, avocados, broccoli, caneberries, cauliflower, grapefruit, garlic, nectarines, oranges, pasture, peaches, pears, pecans, and tangelos. The usage data did not change for cantaloupes, carrots, celery, lemons, oats, green beans, and pumpkins. The new SLUA (2015) shows an increase in usage, in terms of pounds a.i. and/or percent crop treated on the remainder of the SLUA crops.  FULL TEXT

EPA, 1999d

Environmental Protection Agency, “Reassessed Group 3 Tolerances By Pesticide,” 1999.

ABSTRACT:

Lists the tolerances for multiple pesticides that were re-assessed between 1997-1999, including glyphosate.  FULL TEXT

EPA, 1992a

Code of Federal Regulations, “Pesticide Tolerances and Food and Feed Additive Regulations for Glyphosate” (Summary), 40 CFR §§ 180-186, 1992

ABSTRACT:

SUMMARY: This document establishes tolerances and food and feed additive regulations for the combined residues of the herbicide glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) and its metabolite aminomethyl phosphonic acid. The specific proposals are: an amended tolerance in or on the raw agricultural commodities (RACs) soybeans from 6 parts per million (ppm) to 20 ppm; a tolerance on soybean straw at 20 ppm; a food additive regulation proposing increases in tolerances for the processed human food instant tea from 4.0 ppm to 7.0 ppm; a feed additive regulation for citrus molasses at 1 ppm; and amended feed additive tolerances for dried citrus pulp from 0.4 ppm to 1 ppm and soybean hulls from 20 ppm to 100 ppm. These regulations were requested by the Monsanto Co. and would establish the maximum permissible residues of the herbicide in or on these RACs, this processed human food, and these animal feed commodities.  FULL TEXT

 

Schafer et al., 2004

Kristin S. Schafer, Margaret Reeves, Skip Spitzer, Susan E. Kegley, “Chemical Trespass: Pesticides in Our Bodies and Corporate Accountability,” Report by the Pesticide Action Network North America, May 2004.

ABSTRACT:

Not Available

FULL TEXT

DuPont Pioneer, 2015

DuPont Pioneer (Canada), “From seed to harvest 2015: Pioneer brand products and services,” 2015.

SUMMARY:

Industry brochure of products and services available in 2015 for Canadian farmers.

FULL TEXT

 

EPA, 2016

Code of Federal Regulations, “Glyphosate; tolerances for residues,” 40 CFR § 180.364, 2016.

ABSTRACT:

Tolerances are established for residues of glyphosate, including its metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities listed below resulting from the application of glyphosate, the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate, the ethanolamine salt of glyphosate, the dimethylamine salt of glyphosate, the ammonium salt of glyphosate, and the potassium salt of glyphosate. Compliance with the following tolerance levels is to be determined by measuring only glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine).

FULL TEXT

Krüger et al., 2014

Monika Krüger, Philipp Schledorn, Wieland Schrödl, Hans-Wolfgang Hoppe, Walburga Lutz, and Awad A. Shehata, “Detection of Glyphosate Residues in Animals and Humans,” Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology, 2014, 4:2, DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000210.

ABSTRACT:

In the present study glyphosate residues were tested in urine and different organs of dairy cows as well as in urine of hares, rabbits and humans using ELISA and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The correlation coefficients between ELISA and GC-MS were 0.96, 0.87, 0.97and 0.96 for cattle, human, and rabbit urine and organs, respectively. The recovery rate of glyphosate in spiked meat using ELISA was 91%. Glyphosate excretion in German
dairy cows was significantly lower than Danish cows. Cows kept in genetically modified free area had significantly lower glyphosate concentrations in urine than conventional husbandry cows. Also glyphosate was detected in different organs of slaughtered cows as intestine, liver, muscles, spleen and kidney. Fattening rabbits showed significantly higher glyphosate residues in urine than hares. Moreover, glyphosate was significantly higher in urine of humans with
conventional feeding. Furthermore, chronically ill humans showed significantly higher glyphosate residues in urine than healthy population. The presence of glyphosate residues in both humans and animals could haul the entire population towards numerous health hazards, studying the impact of glyphosate residues on health is warranted and the global regulations for the use of glyphosate may have to be re-evaluated.  FULL TEXT

De Roos et al., 2005

Anneclaire J. De Roos, Aaron Blair, Jennifer A. Rusiecki, Jane A. Hoppin, Megan Svec, Mustafa Dosemeci, Dale P. Sandler, and Michael C. Alavanja, “Cancer Incidence among Glyphosate-Exposed Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health Study,” Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005, 113, DOI: 10.1289/EHP.7340.

ABSTRACT:

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that is one of the most frequently applied pesticides in the world. Although there has been little consistent evidence of genotoxicity or carcinogenicity from in vitro and animal studies, a few epidemiologic reports have indicated potential health effects of glyphosate. We evaluated associations between glyphosate exposure and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a prospective cohort study of 57,311 licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina. Detailed information on pesticide use and other factors was obtained from a self-administered questionnaire completed at time of enrollment (1993–1997). Among private and commercial applicators, 75.5% reported having ever used glyphosate, of which > 97% were men. In this analysis, glyphosate exposure was defined as a) ever personally mixed or applied products containing glyphosate; b) cumulative lifetime days of use, or “cumulative exposure days” (years of use × days/year); and c) intensity-weighted cumulative exposure days (years of use × days/year × estimated intensity level). Poisson regression was used to estimate exposure–response relations between glyphosate and incidence of all cancers combined and 12 relatively common cancer subtypes. Glyphosate exposure was not associated with cancer incidence overall or with most of the cancer subtypes we studied. There was a suggested association with multiple myeloma incidence that should be followed up as more cases occur in the AHS. Given the widespread use of glyphosate, future analyses of the AHS will allow further examination of long-term health effects, including less common cancers. FULL TEXT

Paganelli et al., 2010

Alejandra Paganelli, Victoria Gnazzo, Helena Acosta, Silvia L. López, and Andrés E. Carrasco, “Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Produce Teratogenic Effects on Vertebrates by Impairing Retinoic Acid Signaling,” Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2010, 23:10, DOI: 10.1021/TX1001749.

ABSTRACT:

The broad spectrum herbicide glyphosate is widely used in agriculture worldwide. There has been ongoing controversy regarding the possible adverse effects of glyphosate on the environment and on human health. Reports of neural defects and craniofacial malformations from regions where glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are used led us to undertake an embryological approach to explore the effects of low doses of glyphosate in development. Xenopus laevis embryos were incubated with 1/5000 dilutions of a commercial GBH. The treated embryos were highly abnormal with marked alterations in cephalic and neural crest development and shortening of the anterior−posterior (A-P) axis. Alterations on neural crest markers were later correlated with deformities in the cranial cartilages at tadpole stages. Embryos injected with pure glyphosate showed very similar phenotypes. Moreover, GBH produced similar effects in chicken embryos, showing a gradual loss of rhombomere domains, reduction of the optic vesicles, and microcephaly. This suggests that glyphosate itself was responsible for the phenotypes observed, rather than a surfactant or other component of the commercial formulation. A reporter gene assay revealed that GBH treatment increased endogenous retinoic acid (RA) activity in Xenopus embryos and cotreatment with a RA antagonist rescued the teratogenic effects of the GBH. Therefore, we conclude that the phenotypes produced by GBH are mainly a consequence of the increase of endogenous retinoid activity. This is consistent with the decrease of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling from the embryonic dorsal midline, with the inhibition of otx2 expression and with the disruption of cephalic neural crest development. The direct effect of glyphosate on early mechanisms of morphogenesis in vertebrate embryos opens concerns about the clinical findings from human offspring in populations exposed to GBH in agricultural fields.  FULL TEXT

 

Bohn et al., 2014

T. Bøhn, , M. Cuhra, T. Traavik, M. Sanden, J. Fagan, R. Primicerio, “Compositional differences in soybeans on the market: Glyphosate accumulates in Roundup Ready GM soybeans,” Food Chemistry, 2014, 153, DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2013.12.054.

ABSTRACT:

This article describes the nutrient and elemental composition, including residues of herbicides and pesticides, of 31 soybean batches from Iowa, USA. The soy samples were grouped into three different categories: (i) genetically modified, glyphosate-tolerant soy (GM-soy); (ii) unmodified soy cultivated using a conventional ‘‘chemical’’ cultivation regime; and (iii) unmodified soy cultivated using an organic cultivation regime. Organic soybeans showed the healthiest nutritional profile with more sugars, such as glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose, significantly more total protein, zinc and less fibre than both conventional and GM-soy. Organic soybeans also contained less total saturated fat and total omega-6 fatty acids than both conventional and GM-soy. GM-soy contained high residues of glyphosate and AMPA (mean 3.3 and 5.7 mg/kg, respectively). Conventional and organic soybean batches contained none of these agrochemicals. Using 35 different nutritional and elemental variables to characterise each soy sample, we were able to discriminate GM, conventional and organic soybeans without exception, demonstrating ‘‘substantial non-equivalence’’ in compositional characteristics for ‘ready-to-market’ soybeans.  FULL TEXT

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