Franz, 1974
Franz, John E., “N. Phosphonomethyl-glycine Phytotoxicant Compositions,” U.S. Patent 3,799,758, March 26, 1974.
ABSTRACT:
N-phosphonomethylglycine and novel derivatives thereof useful as phytotoxicants or herbicides.
EPA, 1993
Environmental Protection Agency, “Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate,” Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, September 1993.
ABSTRACT:
All pesticides sold or distributed in the United States must be registered by EPA, based on scientific studies showing that they can be used without posing unreasonable risks to people or the environment. Because of advances in scientific knowledge, the law requires that pesticides which were first registered years ago be reregistered to ensure that they meet today’s more stringent standards. In evaluating pesticides for reregistration, EPA obtains and reviews a complete set of studies from pesticide producers, describing the human health and environmental effects of each pesticide. The Agency imposes any regulatory controls that are needed to effectively manage each pesticide’s risks. EPA then reregisters pesticides that can be used without posing unreasonable risks to human health or the environment. When a pesticide is eligible for reregistration, EPA announces this and explains why in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document. This fact sheet summarizes the information in the RED document for glyphosate. FULL TEXT
EPA, 2016b
Environmental Protection Agency, “Glyphosate Issue Paper: Evaluation of Carcinogenic Potential,” EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs, September 12, 2016.
ABSTRACT:
Not Available
Purdue Extension, 2013
Purdue Extension, “Corn and Soybean Herbicide Chart,” 2013.
ABSTRACT:
This chart groups herbicides by their modes of action to assist you in selecting herbicides 1) to maintain greater diversity in herbicide use and 2) to rotate among herbicides with different sites of action to delay the development of herbicide resistance. FULL TEXT
Walsh et al., 2000
Lance P. Walsh, Chad McCormick, Clyde Martin, and Douglas M. Stocco, “Roundup Inhibits Steroidogenesis by Disrupting Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) Protein Expression,” Environmental Health Perspectives, 2000, 108.
ABSTRACT:
Recent reports demonstrate that many currently used pesticides have the capacity to disrupt reproductive function in animals. Although this reproductive dysfunction is typically characterized by alterations in serum steroid hormone levels, disruptions in spermatogenesis, and loss of fertility, the mechanisms involved in pesticide-induced infertility remain unclear. Because testicular Leydig cells play a cmcial role in male reproductive function by producing testosterone, we used the mouse MA-10 Leydig tumor cell line to study the molecular events involved in pesticide-induced alterations in steroid hormone biosynthesis. We previously showed that the organochlorine insecticide lindane and the organophosphate insecticide Dimethoate directly inhibit steroidogenesis in Leydig cells by disrupting expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. StAR protein mediates the rate-limiting and acutely regulated step in steroidogenesis, the transfer of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane where the cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage (P450scc) enzyme initiates the synthesis of all steroid hormones. In the present study, we screened eight currendy used pesticide formulations for their ability to inhibit steroidogenesis, concentrating on their effects on StAR expression in MA-10 cells. In addition, we determined the effects of these compounds on the levels and activities of the P450scc enzyme (which converts cholesterol to pregnenolone) and the 3p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3P-HSD) enzyme (which converts pregnenolone to progesterone). Of the pesticides screened, only the pesticide Roundup inhibited dibutyryl [(Bu)2]cAMP-stimulated progesterone production in MA-10 cells without causing cellular toxicity. Roundup inhibited steroidogenesis by disrupting StAR protein expression, further demonstrating the susceptibility of StAR to environmental pollutants. FULL TEXT
Hill et al., 1995
Hill RH Jr, Head SL, Baker S, Gregg M, Shealy DB, Bailey SL, Williams CC, Sampson EJ, Needham LL, “Pesticide Residues of Adults Living in the United States: Reference Range Concentrations,” Environmental Research, 1995, 71:2, DOI: 10.1006/ENRS.1995.1071.
ABSTRACT:
We measured 12 analytes in urine of 1000 adults living in the United States to establish reference range concentrations for pesticide residues. We frequently found six of these analytes: 2,5-dichlorophenol (in 98% of adults); 2,4-dichlorophenol (in 64%); 1-naphthol (in 86%); 2-naphthol (in 81%); 3,5,6- trichloro-2-pyridinol (in 82%); and pentachlorophenol (in 64%). The 95th percentile concentration (95th PC) for 2,5-dichlorophenol (indicative of p-dichlorobenzene exposure) was 790 micrograms/liter; concentrations ranged up to 8700 micrograms/liter. 2,4-Dichlorophenol concentrations ranged up to 450 micrograms/ liter, and the 95thPC was 64 micrograms/liter. 1-Naphthol and 2-naphthol (indicative of naphthalene exposure) had 95thPCs of 43 and 30 micrograms/liter, respectively; concentrations of 1-naphthol ranged up to 2500 micrograms/liter. Chlorpyrifos exposure was indicated by 3,5,6-tricholoro-2-pyridinol concentrations of 13 (95thPC) and 77 micrograms/liter (maximum observed). Pentachlorophenol had a 95thPC of 8.2 micrograms/liter. Other analytes measured included 4-nitrophenol (in 41%); 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (in 20%); 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (in 9.5%); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (in 12%); 2-isopropoxyphenol (in 6.8%); and 7-carbofuranphenol (in 1.5%). The 95thPCs of these analytes were < 6 micrograms/liter. p-Dichlorobenzene exposure is ubiquitous; naphthalene and chlorpyrifos are also major sources of pesticide exposure. Exposure to chlorpyrifos appears to be increasing. Although pentachlorophenol exposure is frequent, exposure appears to be decreasing. These reference range concentrations provide information about pesticide exposure and serve as a basis against which to compare concentrations in subjects who may have been exposed to pesticides. FULL TEXT
EPA, 2012
EPA, “Index to Pesticide Chemical Names, Part 180 Tolerance Information, and Food and Feed Commodities (by Commodity),” Office of Pesticides Programs, 2012.
ABSTRACT:
Not Available
Monsanto, 2015c
Monsanto, “Roundup Ready Plus 2015 Weed Management Recommendations and Incentives: Southwest,” 2015.
ABSTRACT:
Not Available
Monsanto, 2015b
Monsanto, “Roundup Ready Plus 2015 Weed Management Recommendations and Incentives: Plains, Midwest, and Northeast,” 2015.
ABSTRACT:
Not Available
Monsanto, 2015
Monsanto, “Roundup Ready Plus 2015 Weed Management Recommendations and Incentives: Midsouth and Southeast,” 2015.
ABSTRACT:
Not Available